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I'd given it to him because the use of this technology is related to politics and fiscal systems and taxes, and as he was reading it, he noted that the book did not give the ultimate cause of why Europe in particular was so successful. Although Europe represents only about 8 percent of the planet's landmass, from 1492 to 1914, Europeans conquered or colonized more than 80 percent of the entire world. The pope was the most powerful man in Medieval Europe because he was ( to Europeans) the only medium between God and Man. Many theories purport to … Philip Hoffman, Rea A. and Lela G. Axline Professor of Business Economics and Professor of History, Credit: Courtesy of Philip Hoffman/Caltech, Click here to open the "Quick Links" submenu, Click here to open the "Research" Submenu, Click here to open the "Academics" Submenu, Click here to open the "Admissions & Aid" Submenu, Click here to open the "Campus Life & Events" Submenu, Technology Transfer & Corporate Partnerships. Europe has built up an economic union but not a defence union. In soft power, European cultures have long had a wide appeal in the rest of the world, and the sense of a Europe uniting around Brussels has had a strong attraction for its neighbors. Religion: one major reason why Europe's labor unions are so powerful By The Wilson Quarterly Why do 70% of European workers have collective bargaining, while only 13% of their US counterparts do? However, at its peak, the Romans formed one of the empires that controlled the largest part of Europe and the Mediterranean. But if Europe and America remain loosely allied or even neutral, these resources could reinforce each other . The economic historian Eric L Jones called this ‘the States system’. The book also reminds us that in a world where there are hostile powers, we really don't want to get rid of spending on improving military technology. Pines and the like just shoot straight up into the sky, making them extremely easy to work with. Soft power and hard power are very different, hence why the UK can beat out the US in the former. As The Economist noted, “talk of Europe’s relative decline seems to be everywhere just now….You may hear glum figures about Europe’s future weight and with some reason. Direct investment in both directions is higher than with Asia and helps knit the economies together. European seas are stormy, dangerous waters and to survive them, the ships need to be heavy and strong - which meant they were always strong enough to carry canons. [ii] Pippa Norris, “Global Governance and Cosmopolitan Citizens,” in Nye and Donahue, eds., Governance in a Globalizing World (Washington, D.C.:  Brookings Institution, 2000), p. 157. The pope was the most powerful man in Medieval Europe because he was ( to Europeans) the only medium between God and Man. Many of the conquering European kingdoms were extremely powerful and unified, and any with a lack of manpower (Portugal and the Dutch) made up for it with relative wealth. Nor is economic divorce likely. While you think Rome is powerful, they also lost a significant number of battles. Or, that when Europeans began to travel the world, people in other countries did not have the immunity to fight off the diseases they brought with them. And on issues that require power with rather than over others, the Europeans have impressive capacity. How is your theory different? That comes down to the political costs of raising revenue and a leader's ability to tax. Moreover, while trade inevitably produces some degree of friction in the domestic politics of democracies, it is a game from which both sides can profit if there is a will to cooperate, and U.S.-European trade is more balanced than U.S. trade with Asia. __________________________________________________________, The closest thing to an equal that the United States faces at the beginning of the 21st century is the European Union. One lesson the book teaches is that actions involving war, foreign policy, and military spending can have big, long-lasting consequences: this is a lesson that policy makers should never forget. Before 1800, Europe had already taken over at least 35 percent of the world, but Britain was just beginning to industrialize. #1 What were the 3 reasons why the Catholic church became so powerful in medieval Europe ? At the same time, Europe faces significant limits on its degree of unity. What were the politics and the political context of the economy that resulted in this ability to tax? On questions of trade and influence within the World Trade Organization, Europe is the equal of the United States and able to balance American power. Vikings are believed to be the first Europeans that have reached the Americas and established colonies in Greenland that survived for 400 years (they have been sailing to Iceland but ended up in Greenland instead). As The Economist speculated a decade ago, in terms of military security, it is possible that “by about 2030, both Europe and America will be having the same trouble with some other part of the world” such as Russia, China and Muslim southwest Asia.[ix]. It meant that European rulers found themselves competing for the best and most productive intellectuals and artisans. Native peoples also suffered heavy population losses due to the diseases the Europeans introduced. Europeans grew wealthy as a result of easy access to American resources. In the cyber world, the EU is setting the global standards for privacy protection. I suppose an element of this is due to the fact that they are long-haul destinations for them (anywhere far away is bound to be more exciting and exotic) but the Yanks are on to something, Europe really is the most romantic continent on earth. After the fall of the Roman empire in the fifth century, there was something of a power vacuum in Europe: no monarchy rose to fill the space left. That is, most people in that age strongly believed in God, heaven and hell, and the Catholic Church was the center of that belief. “The EU’s modus operandi – sharing power, hammering out agreements, resolving conflict by endless committee – can be boring and even frustrating to watch. Many theories purport to … In this article we take in-depth look at the people of Central and Northern Europe and examine facts and history about the Celts. The Chinese invited the leaders of India, Brazil and South Africa. A: When the Turks closed off the routes to India, it forced European powers to find an alternative route. A d100 is rolled and then modified by the maneuver of the leading general on each side to determine the terrain, you can be in for some nasty surpises if you attack high maneuver generals. [ix] “Weathering the Storm,” The Economist, September 9, 2000, p. 23. None of this is to belittle European institutions and what they have accomplished. Its lack of vision, divisions, obsession with legal frameworks, unwillingness to project military power, and sclerotic economy are contrasted with a United States more dominant even than Rome…But the problem is not Europe – it is our outdated understanding of power.”[vii]. Angela Merkel is now into her third term in office, and it has a historical dimension – not just because she is at the xenith of her power, but because Konrad Adenauer is the only chancellor before her to have had such a strong standing after a similar amount of time in office. A thousand years ago, no one would have ever expected that result, for at that point western Europe was hopelessly backward. In terms of economic power, Europe has the world’s largest market, and represents 17 per cent of world trade compared to 12 per cent for the U.S., and Europe dispenses half of the world’s foreign assistance compared to 20 per cent for the U.S. The political dominance of western Europe was an unexpected outcome and had really big consequences, so I thought: let's explain it. The technology grew to include more than just guns: armed ships, fortifications that can resist artillery, and more, and the Europeans became the best at using these things. The BBC's Andrew Marr looks at why it is that Ms Merkel is making such a profound mark on the lives of people in Europe. Some other nations in other regions were more secure at the time which made them not have to … They were able to exploit the feuds of the Americans, Africans, Muslims and Asians in order to conduct deals, gaining them land and increasing their influence slowly. Legal integration is increasing, and European Court verdicts have compelled member countries to change policies. It was politically weak, it was poor, and the major long-distance commerce was a slave trade led by Vikings. It's just fascinating. And despite the frictions between parts of Europe and the George W. Bush administration, Barack Obama became almost a cult figure in his popularity in much of Europe. Why was the Roman Catholic Church so powerful in medieval Europe quizlet? All Europeans (except after the Orthodox Schism) payed tithes to him and homage so he could grant them favour with God. [viii]  Moreover, as he points out, Europe is the world’s second military power with 21 per cent of the world’s military spending compared to 5 per cent for China, three per cent for Russia,  two percent for India, and 1.5 percent for Brazil. Then you can bargain with your enemies to divvy up whatever you disagree about and you can have something like peace. They competed more with each other through war, which meant that they were forced to develop better technologies that helped. In terms of relative power, if the EU endeavored to become a global challenger to the United States in a traditional realist balance of power, these assets might counter American power. Predictions of European decline rely on an outmoded understanding of power. No doubts about it. In 1900, Europe accounted for a quarter of the world’s population. Instead, Europe is starting to look like the loser in a new geopolitical order dominated by the U.S. and emerging powers led by China….No Europeans were invited when U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao held the make-or-break meeting on Dec. 18 that brokered the modest Copenhagen accord. The Chinese invited the leaders of India, Brazil and South Africa. Many theories purport to explain how the West became dominant. Pines and the like just shoot straight up into the sky, making them extremely easy to work with. And in a larger sense, Americans and Europeans share the values of democracy and human rights more with each other than with other regions of the world. Most other terrains also decrease combad with, making your numerical advantage even worthless. Although the American economy is four times larger than Germany’s, the total economy of the European Union is slightly larger than that of the U.S. in purchasing power parity, and Europe’s  population of nearly 500 million is considerably larger than America’s 300 million. To many Americans (for example) Europe is the ultimate travel experience. For that to happen, the countries have to be small and close to one another. We spoke with him recently about his research interests and what led him to study this particular topic. Things are much better if the conflict concerns something that can be split up—such as money or land. Hoffman's work is published in a new book titled Why Did Europe Conquer the World? Gunpowder was really important for conquering territory; it allows a small number of people to exercise a lot of influence. These heavy, strong, canon-wielding ships were far superior in clout than anything the other powers could come up with. It was the wealthiest and most military powerful empire in the Muslim world. There's a reason central Europe removed so many of it's mixed coniferous forests with coniferous monocultures. In some ways, the inevitable frictions between the two continents show a closeness rather than a distance. Instead, European governments (and the IMF) had to organize a $925 million rescue program to try to restore market confidence, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned that if the Euro fails, “then not only the currency fails…Europe will fail, and with it the idea of European unity.”, Over the decades Europe has seen alternations between excessive optimism and bouts of “Euro-pessimism” such as the current period. The History Of European Colonization Of The Americas Sometime during the 11th century was the first of many European colonization endeavors. As one journalist reported in 2010, “this year, the 27 nation European Union was supposed to come of age as an actor on the world stage, bolstered by the Lisbon Treaty, which streamlines the EU’s cumbersome institutions. In either case, you'll still be spending money on the military and on military research. And all of this describes Europe. The more they spent, the more chances they had to improve their military technology through trial and error while fighting wars. The British Empire. Countries become powerful because they have energetic people and economic and political systems that work. Europeans have also been important pioneers and played central roles in international institutions. In brief, Europe’s political fragmentation spurred productive competition. It is also true that American consumers can benefit from European efforts to raise standards in anti-trust actions or internet privacy. [ii] The enlargement of the European Union to include 27 states (with more to come) means that European institutions are likely to remain sui generis, and unlikely to produce a strong federal Europe or a single state. In military terms, Europe spends less than half of what the United States does on defense, but has more men under arms, and includes two countries that possess nuclear arsenals. The creation of the European Monetary Union and the launching of the Euro at the beginning of 1999 made Europe’s role in monetary affairs and the International Monetary Fund nearly equal to that of the U.S. (though the 2010 crisis over Greek debt dented confidence in the Euro.) This season, the Premier League is fulfilling Mourinho’s words and proving just why it has a greater appeal than the other leagues. Insofar as the term retains any meaning, the world is. The Celts were a people living in large parts of Europe during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. This led to the Voyages of Discovery by the Spanish Conquistadors and Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama and Prince Henry the Navigator. One big factor that's important to the advancement of any defense technology is how much money a political leader can spend. I've also been interested in the development of tax systems. The key question in assessing Europe’s resources is whether Europe will develop enough political and social-cultural cohesion to act as one on a wide range of international issues, or whether it will remain a limited grouping of countries with strongly different nationalisms and foreign policies. [v]  Charlemagne, “Lessons from ‘The Leopard’”, The Economist, December 12, 2009, p. 61. The rest of Europe at that time was really no wealthier than China, the Middle East, or South Asia. And the more that the political leaders spend, the better their chances of defeating other leaders and, in the long run, of dominating the other cultures. They were well organized, came from the wealthiest families and well educated. King Henry ruled the Holy Roman Empire and he appointed clergy to gain power and Pope Gregory VII found out and banned King Henry from the church. 18 April 1951: the Treaty of Paris creates the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). On all issues that require power with - rather than over - others, Europe has impressive capacity. Yes, there are lots of conventional explanations—industrialization, for example—but on closer inspection they all fall apart. This advantage endures even today!! This is the beauty of Europe, and these are endless reasons why why Europe is the best continent in the world. You can compare this with the ossified empires of China and the Ottomans, which were large and powerful and had no rivals in the age when small European states were struggling constantly against one another. Firstly Europe was a continent of many small competing states. The political dominance of western Europe was an unexpected outcome and had really big consequences, so I thought: let's explain it. New technology, flexibility in labor markets, strong venture capital and an entrepreneurial culture make the American market attractive to European investors. Exploring why that may be so, ... Russia is powerful because Europe grants that power to Russia. The National Intelligence Council report foresees a Europe in 2050 that will be “a hobbled giant distracted by internal bickering and competing national agendas”. [x]  Robert D. Blackwill, The Future of Transatlantic Relations (New York:  Council on Foreign Relations, 1999). I absolutely love travelling to exotic and far-flung destinations, but a few of my recent trips (Dublin and Barcelona) have reminded me how amazingly fortunate I am to live in a country that is so close to so many other countries. For example, if I am fighting you and you figure out a better way to build an armed ship, I can imitate you. And despite the frictions between parts of Europe and the George W. Bush administration, Barack Obama became almost a cult figure in his popularity in much of Europe. So as an explanation, industrialization doesn't work. Personally, I would much rather see expenditures devoted to infrastructure, or scientific research, or free preschool for everybody—things that would carry big economic benefits—but in this world, I don't think you can stop doing military research or spending money on the military. They were able to exploit the feuds of the Americans, Africans, Muslims and Asians in order to conduct deals, gaining them land and increasing their influence slowly. Medieval Europe: Europe's medieval period lasted from the fall of Rome in the 5th century to the spread of the Renaissance in the 15th century. Being dominated for centuries has led to lingering inequality and long-lasting effects in many formerly colonized countries, including poverty and slow economic growth. If you think about it, you realize that advancements in gunpowder technology—which are important for conquest—arise where political leaders fight using that technology, where they spend huge sums on it, and where they're able to share the resulting advances in that technology. Insofar as the term retains any meaning, the world is bipolar , and is likely to remain so over the foreseeable future.” The pessimistic prognosis  is based on a 19th century realist view in which “power is linked to the relative share of aggregate global resources and countries are engaged in constant zero-sum rivalry. So that's not the answer—it's something else. Rome lost to the Pyrrhus, the Mithridates, and in the Hannibal wars. Europe has built up an economic union but not a defence union. That was a really great question and it got me interested. It is also true that American consumers can benefit from European efforts to raise standards in anti-trust actions or internet privacy. European countries engaged in imperialism for various reasons. Even in a traditional realist assessment of balance of power resources, neither the US nor Europe are likely to threaten the vital or important interests of the other side. Instead, European governments (and the IMF) had to organize a $925 million rescue program to try to restore market confidence, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned that if the Euro fails, “then not only the currency fails…Europe will fail, and with it the idea of European unity.”[i]. Andrew Moravcsik, “Europe:  The Quiet Superpower,”, Regarding Pro Wrestling, North America will remain as a super power! so the Europeans had so much power and used it to their advantage of gaining respect. For all the complaints about Hollywood films or McDonald’s, no one forces Europeans to eat there, though millions do each year. Why was the pope a powerful figure in medieval Europe? ... Italy is an EU founding member and Italians were once strong supporters of the European project. You'll still need to back up the peace with armed forces, but you won't actually fight all that much, and that's a much better outcome. The reason European countries wanted more colonies was that colonies helped countries accumulate wealth and … The … Unfortunately, they seem to have a relatively short … The uk does have a massive global reach far beyond its military, culture language law and more plus close ties with a wide selection on countries all over the planet. This rivalry between different countries encouraged invention. And in a larger sense, Americans and Europeans share the values of democracy and human rights more with each other than with other regions of the world. I wish we did live in that world, but unfortunately it's not realistic. What kinds of factors are included in this model? The difficult business of containing Germany — so large, so rich, and so powerful — must be the key to Britain’s policy in Europe, wrote the head of the Foreign Office more than 100 years ago. Greek Empire. There are many possible explanations for why history played out this way, but few can explain why the West was so powerful for so long. Our past contributors have included Jürgen Habermas, Michel Houellebecq and Michael Walzer, among many others. At the cultural level, Americans and Europeans have sniped at and admired each other for more than two centuries. So it is easier to succeed. Many of the conquering European kingdoms were extremely powerful and unified, and any with a lack of manpower (Portugal and the Dutch) made up for it with relative wealth. For example, that Europe became industrialized more quickly and therefore became wealthier than the rest of the world. Europeans have also been important pioneers and played central roles in international institutions. The spending on war gave leaders a chance to try out new weapons, new armed ships, and new tactics, and to learn from mistakes on the battlefield. More than a third of trade occurs within transnational corporations. The Chinese invented gunpowder, but Hoffman, whose work applies economic theory to historical contexts, argues that certain political and economic circumstances allowed the Europeans to advance gunpowder technology at an unprecedented rate—allowing a relatively small number of people to quickly take over much of the rest of the globe. [iv]  Marcus Walker, “EU Sees Dreams of Power Wane as ‘G-2’ Rises,” Wall Street Journal, January 27, 2010. Helmut Kohl and Helmut Schmidt came close, but neither were in as strong a position as she is at such a late stage in their chancellorships. So more spending would not only mean greater odds of victory over an enemy, but more rapid change in military technology. In other words, what is Europe’s power conversion capability? Until the Spring crisis of 2010 when fiscal problems in Greece and elsewhere created anxiety in financial markets, many economists speculated that the Euro might some day replace the dollar as the world’s primary reserve  currency. In soft power, European cultures have long had a wide appeal in the rest of the world, and the sense of a Europe uniting around Brussels has had a strong attraction for its neighbors. But in an increasingly networked and interdependent world, it has become the global standard.”  [vi]  As the director of the European Council on Foreign Relations put it, “the conventional wisdom is that Europe’s hour has come and gone. Finally, and this is my most important point, Russia is powerful because Europe grants that power to Russia. Until the Spring crisis of 2010 when fiscal problems in Greece and elsewhere created anxiety in financial markets, many economists speculated that the Euro might some day replace the dollar as the world’s primary reserve  currency. But even while doing so, these countries defeated powerful empires, the Aztecs of Mexico, the Moors in Southern Spain, the Mughals of India, the Ottomans of Turkey. 406-7. century is the European Union. Saxons & Vikings & the Dutch, French and German Empires ect are all Europeans and claimed much islands and colony's to gain recourse's to build their empires from their neighbouring powerful nations. What are three reason why European countries needed or wanted colonies? Also to know is, what were three reasons why the Catholic Church became so powerful in medieval Europe? American per capita income is higher than that of the EU, because a number of the new entrants into the European Union were poorer than the original West European core countries, but in terms of human capital, technology, and exports, Europe is very much a peer competitor for the United States. Although the American economy is four times larger than Germany’s, the total economy of the European Union is slightly larger than that of the U.S. in purchasing power parity, and Europe’s  population of nearly 500 million is considerably larger than America’s 300 million. For example, how did states get the ability to impose heavy taxes? The European Countries are powerful because they've got a strong culture and a large amount of People. The political dominance of western Europe was an unexpected outcome and had really big consequences, so I thought: let's explain it. The Chinese invented gunpowder, but Hoffman, whose work applies economic theory to historical contexts, argues that certain political and economic circumstances allowed the Europeans to advance gunpowder technology at an unprecedented rate—allowing a relatively small number of people to quickly take over much of the rest of the globe.

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