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In both places, people had learnt how to irrigate the land to increase food production. ORLY GOLDWASSER: Hilda stepped on a stone, and she picked up this stone and told Petrie “there is something here.” And this stone in the mine was the first inscription in something very strange, nobody saw ever before. NARRATOR: The name of the goddess was the key to understanding the mysterious Serabit script. The aleph, he, heth (originally an /h/, but later long /e/), yod, 'ayin, and waw became the Greek vowels alpha, epsilon, eta, iota, omicron, and upsilon. That meant that not everyone had to work the land, and a more complex society could develop. Important thing to clarify! Images, of course, are part of all human cultures. The Egyptian hieroglyph for water, “mayim” in the Canaanite tongue, became the Greek “mu” and the Latin M. There were two Egyptian signs which represented snakes. Oh! The king appears with his entourage. NARRATOR: The rebus principle was the key that unlocked writing for the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. NARRATOR: At root, like hieroglyphs, Chinese characters are stylized pictures. Discover the fascinating chemistry that makes our world and everything in it—including us. The term ‘alphabet’ came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet – ‘Aleph’ and ‘Beth.’ While some languages have their own set of alphabets, the most commonly used is the Latin alphabet, which is also shared by several languages aside from English. Experts featured in this film may have received support from funders of this program. The characters do not stand for the sound of the whole word, but only for the sound at the beginning of the word. (Premiered September 23, 2020), NARRATOR: It’s our most important tool, one we all take for granted: writing. NARRATOR: Turquoise was part of the magic that helped the dead rise to eternal life. Inside the tomb, Egyptologist Yasmin El Shazly brings historian Lydia Wilson to see something extraordinary. Barry B. Powell says it is a misnomer to refer to the Semitic abecedary as an alphabet. YASMIN EL SHAZLY: Yes, these are all magic spells, designed to resurrect the king so he could live forever in the afterlife. Sometimes the connection is far from obvious, but it’s still there. Just below you can see the sign of the house that is being used for the sound value B in this script. BILL HARNEY: In the site now, where we are sitting down, it’s called the “moon dreaming” site. A to Z: The First Alphabet The birth of writing and the first alphabet were among the world’s most vital inventions. ORLY GOLDWASSER: For example, you will have a duck after all the names of birds. That is, an alphabet requires symbols for vowels. In a song line trail, there is the knowledge that is given to you from the old people, in what they call “song line trails,” for naming all the different sites, the plants, trees, mountains, water hole and all of that, like a map, it is a map, in your mind. This program was produced by WGBH, which is solely responsible for its content. Egypt: the Saqqara funerary complex near Cairo. Exploring a variety of writing systems. Previous. There is a 75 character minimum for reviews. But, the similarities with ancient Egyptian writing do not end there. Egyptians have always lived on the land immediately adjacent to the Nile, where irrigation ditches can bring river water to the fields. Exploring a variety of writing systems. ZAI YUHONG (English name “Sophia,” Chinese for “Teacher,”): (Translated from Chinese) I am going to draw a picture. So, the first question about writing is, why did our ancestors feel the need for it? All the alphabets of Arabia, of the Mediterranean, of the Middle East, all of the alphabetic scripts seem to go back to one original prototype. And Canaanite migrant workers may have been a familiar sight in Egypt. there was the crucial conceptual leap. NARRATOR: Today, we take it for granted, but writing is arguably the most powerful idea we humans have ever come up with. From the shape of the letter A to the role of writing in trade and storytelling, discover how the written word shaped civilization itself. Where would we be without the world’s alphabets? We are at the very beginning of democratization of writing, which began right here, at Serabit El-Khadim, in about 1850 B.C. Now the connection between that and our A in English is quite obvious. Narrator: Jeannette Robinson. NARRATOR: Hieroglyphs are indeed magic. GÜNTER DREYER: (Translated from German) The catfish and the chisel stand as sound values for the king’s name. It’s a repetitive formula, hundreds of times in Serabit El-Khadim, says “the beloved of the goddess Hathor.” And then he looks on the strange signs below. It represents one of the earliest examples of writing Arabic in a calligraphic style. NARRATOR: By conquering the Nile Delta, Narmer took control of the river, all the way to the sea, becoming the first pharaoh of a unified Egyptian state. NARRATOR: The Egyptian word for catfish is “nar.” A chisel is “mer.” When combined they sound out “Nar-mer,” the name of the first of the pharaohs. Oh, there’s so much writing! N.S. ORLY GOLDWASSER: Thank you, Mark, really, thank you. The Greek alphabet originally had only 5 vowels; the additional, long ones were added over time. And the ancient Egyptians realized that; they realized that the written word had so much power and that by writing your name you became immortal, you immortalized yourself. After the victory, there was apparently a big victory celebration. NARRATOR: What were the first records to record human history? So, anybody who saw that in ancient Mesopotamia would say, “Ah, barley.”. Powell says this was not a gradual process, but the invention of an individual. Additional funding for "The First Alphabet" is provided by the George D. Smith Fund. And it is in those enclaves of so-called civilization that the need was, I think, first felt for some kind of record keeping. NARRATOR: But A Brush with Silence presents its audience with a puzzle. February 10, 2021 . NARRATOR: But what about the Egyptians? Would you like to write a review? NARRATOR: These pictures are hieroglyphs, a writing system older than the pyramids themselves. The earliest recognizably Chinese characters are found incised on bones and turtle shells, which date back more than 3,000 years. The first line of the Iliad in the same abbreviated form is unrecognizable: Powell attributes the Greek invention of the first real alphabet to the need for vowels to transcribe the meter (dactylic hexameters) of the great epics, Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to Homer and the works of Hesiod. And this image is not at all the image of an Egyptian. In Hebrew, the first two letters of the abecedary (as in A-B-C) are, likewise, aleph and bet, but unlike the Greek letters, the Semitic "alphabet" lacked vowels: Aleph wasn't an /a/. This alphabet itself derives from earlier pictographic examples found at Wadi el-Hol. What prompted them to start recording things, not for the ear but for the eye? Do you see? ZAI YUHONG: (Translated from Chinese) He saw the scales. YASMIN EL SHAZLY: Writing always starts with pictures, and then it becomes a little bit more complicated. As it happens, “ga” means milk. Interesting Facts About the English Alphabet, Latin Alphabet Changes: How the Roman Alphabet Got Its G, Learn the Greek Alphabet With These Helpful Tips. Thus, the unknown Greek created the first alphabet. And thousands of tablets like this one suggest that the reason for moving beyond a purely oral culture was something utterly prosaic: the need to keep ledgers. With his guide Salem, Pierre sets off to climb 1,300 feet from the desert floor. Human there. And barley and milk together would spell “shega,” which had nothing to do with either barley or milk. As the alphabet plays such an important role in our world today, one might expect that this writing system has existed since the dawn of civilization. They belong to the same family. PIERRE TALLET: (Translated from French) What appears at the bottom of this stela is really very interesting, since one finds here an engraving of someone riding a donkey. GÜNTER DREYER: True writing starts when the sounds of a language are represented. In most alphabets the characters are arranged in a definite order, or sequence, and each alphabetic character represents either a consonant or a vowel rather than a syllable or a group of consonants and vowels. NARRATOR: And yet, writing hasn’t always existed. In der folgende Liste finden Sie als Kunde unsere Testsieger der getesteten What is the first letter of the arabic alphabet, während der erste Platz den oben genannten Vergleichssieger ausmacht. BRODY NEUENSCHWANDER: So, they looked at this bull, but they would say “aluf” instead of the Egyptian word. And what you have here is actually the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph of the bull, sleeping forever in the letter A, because this is just the bull turned on his horns. And that’s what it is there. Writing is a recent innovation. DR. IRVING FINKEL (Assyriologist): When you scrutinize what happened, it is actually very dramatic, the giant leap for mankind. NARRATOR: A determinative is a symbol that classifies words into categories and so, gives a clue as to the correct way to read a character. BILL HARNEY: When he sang out “koooooo” like this, the dog is the one whose sound made everything change, he changed the whole world. One of the very oldest was discovered by Günter Dreyer in the 1990s, at a dig in the city of Abydos. In Egypt or Mesopotamia or somewhere else entirely? Please do not use ALL CAPS. It was a short, 22-character list with (1) names and (2) a fixed order for characters that could (3) easily be memorized. Great. YASMIN EL SHAZLY: Yeah, they are pretty impressive aren’t they? They are looking at the line of slayed enemies. Watch Preview. NARRATOR: Retenu was an Egyptian name for the Biblical land of Canaan. NARRATOR: Günter believes that the vase is decorated with a stylized representation of the distinctive geography of the Nile Valley. Rebus is a smart word for it. Some cultures still do. ORLY GOLDWASSER: The Canaanites took the hieroglyphs that were meaningful for them and then they saw the head of the bull. ORLY GOLDWASSER: Yes. CHINESE PUPILS: (Translated from Chinese) A fish! This is why I call him the Rosetta Stone of the alphabet! How Writing Changed the World: Follow the evolution of the written word, from millennia old carvings in an Egyptian turquoise mine to our modern-day alphabets. Season 47 Episode 13 | 54m 1s | Video has closed captioning. It shows a big rectangle in the middle, which is separated into small rectangles; on the left and right of it there are zig zag lines. NARRATOR: The walls of Teti’s tomb are carved with thousands of stylized pictures. An alternative hypothesis—the first alphabet developed by the Hebrews Douglas Petrovich, who earned a PhD with a major in Syro-Palestinian archaeology from the University of Toronto and taught about ancient Egypt at Ontario’s Wilfrid Laurier University, published a book on the earliest alphabet. IRVING FINKEL: To set the scene, it’s important to understand that in Mesopotamia the Sumerians had what we call “city states,” independent walled entities with a large population, farmers all around, administrators, a central temple and so forth. Beginning in ancient Egypt, A TO Z: "The First Alphabet" explores some of the first known scribes, and how they discovered that by recording names and histories, it … NARRATOR: It seemed that the inscriptions in the mines were related to the hieroglyphs in the temple, but how? That’s why we will never throw that creation song away. So, on this tablet here, there is an ear of barley. Writing has played a vital role in the development and expansion of cultures throughout history. All modern alphabets are believed to have developed from a single parent script, which originated sometime in the second millennium BC. First, if my analysis is correct, then this epoch-making invention was borne of religious and emotional impulses, rather than administrative needs such as tax collection. PIERRE TALLET: (Translated from French) What we see here with this bull’s head, which is crowned by two horns, is probably the first prototype of our letter A. NARRATOR: The incredible story of writing can finally be told. So, this is a kind of rebus writing. We owe to those migrant workers the invention of the alphabet, a script which spread and evolved to give the gift of writing to countless cultures across the world. He is just the sound of the duck, “soh.” For example, the word “daughter” is “soht,” or something like that. ORLY GOLDWASSER: We don’t know exactly, but it was something like “tapt” or “topt,” but it’s of no interest for the Canaanites. (Dramatization) Oh! "What Was the First Alphabet?" In the Beijing Huijia Private School, Sofia is teaching her six-year-old pupils to read and write. Instead of thousands of pictographic characters they employ just a few dozen simple shapes. Review this Episode. It originally looked a little like a bull, like this. GÜNTER DREYER: (Translated from German) When cleaning it, we found that it is decorated in a very interesting way. Everybody uses a pen, or a brush, and with that we can express all of our thoughts, record all of our information, study the stars, and compose poems and write letters to each other. DR. PIERRE TALLET (Egyptologist): You have, in front of you, one of the first A of history, followed by one of the first Bs of history, also. Additional funding is provided by the NOVA Science Trust. The first alphabet emerged among Semitic speaking mercenaries in Egyptian service for managing their warfare and economic activities. IRVING FINKEL: It’s drawn, quite recognizably, as a pictographic sign. They were not scribes or scholars, but when they adapted the rebus principle, which was the basis of all ancient scripts, to make the first letters, they created a form of communication which would eventually sweep the globe. "What Was the First Alphabet?" That’s the moon that you can see there. The palette tells the story entirely through pictures. In 2300 B.C., what today looks like a hill of sand was the pyramid tomb of Pharaoh Teti. And then the Romans just change the direction, and you reach your A in English and in Latin. From this background, he posits that it's even possible the legendary Palamedes really did invent the (Greek) alphabet. The Romans adopted and adjusted the Greek alphabet in much the same confident way they adopted and adjusted to the Greek gods. Firstly, the ancient people think to use pictures, but they found pictograms are not enough, because there are many abstract concepts and abstract words in language. Then it reached Italy in the hands of the Etruscans, and Europe was never the same. YONGSHENG CHEN: Egyptian and Chinese writing are very comparable. Cairo’s Egyptian Museum is crammed with thousands of objects, excavated from the tombs of ancient Egypt. So, they think of the method of rebus, rebus principle. The creation of printing, the first information technology, drove empires and revolutions. The Phoenicians and Arameans began to write, and soon the alphabet spread to the Aegean, where it spurred the Greeks to emerge from centuries of illiteracy. And then in the Koran fragment that we looked at, we can see that the loop has almost completely disappeared, and we simply have this little tail, and in the modern Arabic script, a straight line. YIDUMDUMA BILL HARNEY (Wardaman Elder): All these song line trails that were made, happening all the way right back from the beginning of everything, to people, to people, to people, all the way right back, billion years ago, to million years, come down to hundred years, and now, now come back, right up to us. We’ve still got it there today. Then there is all human footprints, all over, you can see it. Rebus writing is the written version of the pun in speech. Even though you can see the general idea of head. A to Z: The First Alphabet. The reins are being held by someone leading the way. National corporate funding for NOVA is provided by Draper. For images to do that, they would have to gain a new power, the power to represent something else. So, for the “soh,” we have our dear duck. There is a dog there. They are following in the footsteps of a famous pair of archaeologists. Do you think I am drawing a picture or a character? Its first origins can be traced back to a Proto-Sinaitic script developed in Ancient Egypt to represent the language of Semitic-speaking workers and slaves in Egypt. The Sinai Desert: Thirteen-hundred feet above the sand dunes rises the plateau of Serabit El-Khadim. Alphabets don’t seem to have anything to do with the rebus principle, so what is the connection between the way writing began, and the way most people write today? It looks like ugly, very ugly hieroglyphs, but it’s not Egyptian. ORLY GOLDWASSER: And this is the great invention: this is the alphabet. And that’s how you develop into a purely alphabetic system later on. ORLY GOLDWASSER: Many hundreds of years later, scribes in Phoenicia adopt this drawing of the bull. ZAI YUHONG: (Translated from Chinese) It is “fish.” How do you know it is fish? So the word “turquoise” appears here. What Was the First Alphabet? The Chinese script is ancient. NARRATOR: The need was to tally up food production, so that it could be taxed and distributed to the cities. On the one hand, the Egyptians, and on the other side we have this small troupe of people who come from the other side of the Sinai, the Asiatics, who live with the Egyptians for a prolonged period. NARRATOR: Aboriginal culture has been handed down orally, through poetry and song, for tens of thousands of years, without the need to write anything down. How did they learn to make pictures speak? ORLY GOLDWASSER: If we are talking about a duck, as you see it here, it can be a representation of a duck. It makes smartphones and computers possible, and yet it is thousands of years old. And of course the thing about human ingenuity is that when there’s a sharp need for something, it tends to crystallize in discovery. In the Northern Territory of Australia, Yidumduma Bill Harney, an elder of the Wardaman people, is singing an ancient song about the creation of the world. The temple was dedicated to the goddess of turquoise, Hathor, and here the miners could make offerings in the hope of enlisting her aid. September 23, 2020. Gather your limbs, shake the earth from your flesh! And Petrie looked on it and he said, “This is not Egyptian. NARRATOR: But, next to the main characters in this grisly tale are seemingly random pairs of images, such as a catfish and a chisel. You can say a falcon and then you will have a duck, which means that the falcon belongs to the category of birds. There are too few signs here. It’s a conceptual revolution in the meaning of a picture. Then the shadow of the old moon, he went into all the rock, as well, during the creation time. The first examples have been found around Egyptian mining operations in the Sinai desert. A slightly different question from "what was the world's first writing system?" Do You Know Everything About Consonant Sounds and Letters in English? NARRATOR: The code breaker was Sir Alan Gardiner. LYDIA WILSON: Wow! NARRATOR: Four-thousand years ago, a group of migrant workers were led here by a man riding on a donkey. Your review may be edited for content. Powell is a Classical scholar with publications in Homer and mythology. It’s very slim, and it’s ruled into columns with boxes of information that go together. But this is not decoration. A collection of 16 previously untranslated ancient inscriptions lay in museums for 100 years but have now proven that Hebrew is the very first Alphabet in earth history from which all other alphabets, including English, Latin and Arabic, are derived. Researchers uncover the evolution of writing and the story of the alphabet, dating back to millennia, old carvings in an Egyptian turquoise mine. NARRATOR: This is the familiar rebus principle, but applied in a radically new way. The Sinai Peninsula, Egypt: Archaeologist Pierre Tallet returns with old friends back to the plateau of Serabit El-Khadim. But, in many other cases he is not a duck at all. German for Beginners: Pronunciation and Alphabet, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. And once you start with the idea of reducing speech to any kind of symbol from which language can be retrieved, then the rebus thing hits you in the face, because when you’re casting around for the way to do it, it’s obvious. If the vowels are dropped from English sentences, while the consonants remain in... Greek Modification of … Follow the evolution of the written word, from 4,000-year-old carvings in an Egyptian turquoise mine to modern-day alphabets. How did technologies from pen to paper to printing press make it all possible? NOVA: Beyond the Elements: Life. Stand at the gates that bar the common people! In Egypt, too, writing has been found that uses only consonants. NARRATOR: At the edge of the plateau, Flinders Petrie and his wife Hilda came across the ruins of an ancient Egyptian temple, dominated by dozens of stone markers, or “stelae.”, PIERRE TALLET: (Translated from French) These commemorative stelae are one of the features of the temple at Serabit El-Khadim. PIERRE TALLET: (Translated from French) The circumstances on the plateau of Serabit El-Khadim are very particular. Character. The first complete alphabet in world history is the Greek alphabet, as it emerged around the start of Ancient Greece, roughly 800 BCE. And everybody makes puns, and puns are a natural human form of humor. NARRATOR: This individual clearly participated in more than one expedition, because he’s pictured on another stela, where the hieroglyphs give us his name. ORLY GOLDWASSER: For me it’s worth all the gold of Egypt, this little piece that stays here in the basket. WRITE A REVIEW NO, THANK YOU. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews, and the Phoenicians. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. We are speaking about him right now. For example, “mu” means “tree,” but it also means “to wash oneself.” And so, the stylized picture of a tree can represent the word “tree,” and it can also be used as a so-called phonogram to represent the sound “mu,” “to wash.” But, that of course, could be confusing. W; Languages; NATO Phonetic Alphabet; NATO Phonetic Alphabet. Writing shaped our world and the rise of human knowledge, from the trading of goods to tales of ancient goddesses and kings. Now, one more step takes us to Nabataean Aramaic. Something similar happened at Serabit, but on the plateau the cultural exchange between Canaanites and Egyptians seems to have had momentous consequences. These became the Greek “nu” and our N. BRODY NEUENSCHWANDER: So, what was the Egyptian word for head? Irving Finkel from the British Museum is an expert on Mesopotamia and the region’s first civilization, Sumer. So, who invented it? So, the modern Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet that we use to write English are, are cousins. So, we use a “determinative.”. This is a typical representation of someone from the Negev, someone who is an Asiatic, as defined by the Egyptians. Take your bread that rots not, your beer that sours not. West Semitic people from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean (where Phoenician and... Poetry as Inspiration for the Alphabet. IRVING FINKEL: And this is the sign for barley, which is drawn quite recognizably as a pictographic sign. It’s inevitable. A to Z: The First Alphabet. BRODY NEUENSCHWANDER: “Brush with Silence” brings calligraphers from about 20 different cultures together. In the first millennium – which is a different story altogether – the alphabet spread to cultures without earlier literary traditions. Five-thousand years ago, Egypt lay at one end of a zone of cultivation called the “Fertile Crescent.” At the other end lay Mesopotamia, modern day Iraq. And in each of the boxes, they have these things, which are added up at the end. Mayan glyphs also depend on the rebus principle to spell out sounds and use classifiers to sort out the consequent ambiguities. GÜNTER DREYER: (Translated from German) The palette conveys a historical event, the victory of King Narmer over Lower Egypt, the Delta people. And it gets stylized in Phoenician, simplified to simply this. GÜNTER DREYER: (Translated from German) It’s a long way to go until writing, but the simplified, iconic pictures that were used in such depictions will later be used as characters. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-was-the-first-alphabet-119394. They sit in silence, and they write their own scripts. ORLY GOLDWASSER: A Canaanite wouldn’t call this goddess Hathor. Gill, N.S. At present, based primarily on what archaeology has taught us, the consensus view is that the alphabet was first invented over 3,500 years ago in the Near East by the Canaanites, a Semitic people. Orly Goldwasser has made them a lifetime’s study. And afterwards we put another sign, something that looks like a small half French bread, you see it? Sit down please. This, however, is not the case. IRVING FINKEL: The giant leap came when somebody conceived of this matter: that you could draw a picture which represented something that someone could recognize, but at the same time that sign could be used just for the sound of the thing it looked like. It’s a character. (2020, August 26). They can be used to distinguish “mu,” “tree,” from “mu,” “to wash” and so clarify the ambiguity inherent in rebus writing. And this country now, from the soft high mound became a rock, and all these people become a tree and changed all the different animals, kangaroos, dingoes, whatever you can make it, lizards, snakes and all. NARRATOR: In the Wardaman creation story, all the plants and animals of the world were once people, the Wardaman’s ancestors, wandering across a formless muddy land, until the creation dog let out a mighty howl. Free Teaching Resources: https://www.havefunteaching.com/unlimited. Stories of the letters of the English alphabet . But the Canaanites ignored all these complexities. It was around 1850 B.C., and there was regular coexistence between two different communities. But researchers are only now uncovering the origin story to our own alphabet, which may have gotten its beginnings in a turquoise mine 4,000 years ago. Major funding for NOVA is provided by the David H. Koch Fund for Science, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and PBS viewers. And how did those pictures eventually become the letters we use today? Although it is conventional to refer to the introduction of the vowels by the Greeks as an "addition" to the 22 consonants, Powell explains that some unknown Greek reinterpreted 5 of the Semitic signs as vowels, whose presence were required, in conjunction with any of the other, consonantal signs. Again, the Egyptian hieroglyph is hiding in the R. NARRATOR: But it’s not just Latin and Greek letters that derive from Serabit. But Bill sings from memory. The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living in or near Egypt.

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